RefluxStop Surgery for Acid Reflux (GERD) in Europe

Germany is increasingly viewed as a frontrunner for next-generation PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT), especially as Terbium-161 PSMA therapy moves from early clinical evaluation into broader application.^[1]

While many patients already know Lutetium-177 PSMA as a proven targeted option for metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer, Tb-161 is being explored as an advanced alternative with different emission characteristics.^[2][3] This may enhance tumor cell damage in certain settings, without altering the basic PSMA "homing" concept that ensures the precision of radioligand therapy.^[4]

The purpose of this page is to provide you with a clear understanding of Tb-161 PSMA therapy in Germany from a prostate cancer treatment perspective.^[4][5] We will cover who may be suitable for this treatment, how the treatment is typically organized, the German results and studies, and offer practical steps for international patients to plan their care.

Germany’s Role in the Terbium 161 PSMA Revolution

Germany isn’t just adopting Tb-161 PSMA therapy; it is also helping to define it.^[6] In many ways, it is shaping the journey from the original PSMA targeting chemistry to the modern supply chains that enable large-scale radioligand treatment.

From Heidelberg to the World

A key reason the country remains a leader in PSMA theranostics is simple: PSMA-617 was developed here.^[6][7]

The small-molecule ligand PSMA-617, a “homing device” that delivers therapeutic isotopes to prostate cancer cells, was developed at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital.^[6]

The origin story is important. Germany did not establish clinics solely to provide PSMA therapy. The country played a critical role in developing the foundational technology itself. In other words, the PSMA-617 backbone, which is widely used today with Lutetium 177 and, in early-phase clinical research and applications, with Terbium 161, has deep roots in German translational nuclear medicine.^[2][4]

Local Production of Terbium-161

For radioligand therapy, science is only half the story. The other half is isotope availability and GMP-grade production.^[8]

The Munich area is one of Germany’s strongest clusters for radiopharmaceutical manufacturing.^[9] Here, Isotope Technologies Munich (ITM) is a well-known name patients hear. ITM’s operations are based in Garching near Munich, and the company is frequently cited in the Tb-161 technical and clinical ecosystem as a production partner.^[10]

Isotope Technologies in Munich has also announced collaborations to scale Tb-161 for theranostic use.^[11] This includes collaboration with the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) on co-development and upscaling manufacturing, exactly the kind of supply-chain work needed to move Terbium-161 PSMA therapy from “promising” to “available.”

That matters for patients because isotope therapies are scheduling-sensitive.^[12] A stable supply chain can translate into more predictable treatment windows and better planning for international travel logistics.

Tell us about your case

Terbium-161 is Gaining Momentum

Across German high-volume nuclear medicine departments, Tb-161 PSMA treatment is getting real attention for one simple reason. It’s designed to cause greater damage where it matters most, while maintaining the familiar PSMA “targeting” logic patients already know from Lu-177 PSMA therapy.^[13]

German teams are now beginning to use Terbium-161 in specific situations, often after prior PSMA radioligand therapy. This process is guided by structured decision-making, typically involving tumor boards, and occurs within strict regulatory frameworks.

The “Auger Effect”: Beyond Lutetium-177

Both Lu-177 and 161-Tb deliver beta radiation.^[14] But Terbium-161 PSMA therapy also releases extra “very short-range” electrons (Auger and conversion electrons).^[15] This is exactly the benefit of Terbium-161 in cancer treatment.

Think of these as tiny, ultra-local bursts of energy. They don’t travel far, often under 500 nanometers (far smaller than a grain of dust).^[14][16] That matters because microscopic prostate tumor deposits and single-cell clusters can be hard to “overdose” with radiation if the energy spreads out too broadly.^[17]

German experts are interested in Tb-161 precisely because this extra short-range energy can increase “micro-level” damage while still using PSMA to guide the therapy to cancer cells.^[14]

In physical terms, these Auger electrons have a high local energy density (often described as higher LET), reported to be 4–26 keV/µm in clinical discussions of Terbium radioligand treatment.^[14][17]

For patients, it is crucial to understand that Tb-161 is being explored as a better fit for small-volume disease (micrometastases and tiny residual lesions), where localized dose delivery may be most important.^[17]

Addressing Lutetium-Resistance

A practical reason German departments are moving toward Tb-161 is the real-world problem of Lutetium “non-response” (or loss of response over time).

General German Pre-Clinical Data

The recent study from the nuclear medicine unit of University Hospital Saarland Homburg, led by Prof. Dr. med. Samer Ezziddin made a head-to-head Tb-161 comparison with Lu-177 PSMA.^[4] In the German pilot registry, the experience is the following:

• Laboratory Response Rate. Across the entire cohort (previously treated with Lu177 and sometimes Ac225), 7/18 patients (38.9%) achieved a meaningful biochemical PSA response.^[4][14]
• General Effectiveness on Follow-Up Scan. When response was assessed by molecular imaging (total lesion PSMA), 8/18 (44.4%) showed a partial response.^[4]

Detailed Response Rate for Subgroups

The same study from Saarland evaluated different clinical scenarios. What’s most relevant to “Pluvicto-resistant” patients is how Tb-161 behaved in specific subgroups.^[14] Patients can check whether their case fits one of the settings explored to assess potential effectiveness in Germany.

• Patients Who Initially Responded to Lu-PSMA-617. These are people whose tumors were once sensitive to Lu-PSMA, but later regrew. After switching to Tb-161, 60% had a partial response by PSA criteria, and 70% by imaging criteria.^[14]
• Patients Who Did Not Respond to Initial Lu-PSMA-617. Here, the results were more modest. Approximately 33.3% achieved a partial response (as determined by both PSA and imaging).^[14]

The 33% figure is significant because it reflects the current situation: Tb-161 is not a reliable solution for all patients who do not respond to Lu-PSMA treatment. However, it may still be effective for a subset of these patients, which is why German teams are considering it for selected cases, particularly when other options are limited.^[14]

Get consultation

Clinical Trials & Early Access in Germany

Germany is one of the few places where Terbium-161 PSMA therapy is not only discussed but actively tested and applied in structured translational oncology settings. Access typically occurs through clinical studies, real-world registries, or carefully documented early access within experienced nuclear medicine departments.

Ongoing Clinical Studies & Researchs

Find out more about the current German nuclear medicine research related to Terbium-161 PSMA. We highlighted and compiled the most prominent studies to make it easy for patients to navigate.

• REALITY Registry (NCT04833517). The REALITY registry tracks outcomes and safety of PSMA radioligand therapy in routine care. Tb-161 treatments have been documented within this framework, including patients who previously received multiple cycles of Lu-177 and even Lu-177 + Ac-225 augmentation. German lead center publishing Tb-161 data: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Saarland Homburg. Teams including Prof. Samer Ezziddin and Dr. Florian Rosar.^[14][18]
• Head-to-Head Dosimetry Pilot Tb-161-PSMA-617 vs Lu-177-PSMA-617. This Homburg group studied 6 mCRPC patients who received Tb-161 after an inadequate response to Lu-177. This kind of work matters because it tells German departments how Tb-161 “behaves” in the body before larger randomized trials start.^[4]
• Quantitative Terbium-161 SPECT/CT Imaging. It demonstrates the feasibility of image-based dosimetry and highlights pitfalls. This paper presents a method that stress-tests Tb-161 SPECT/CT quantification (energy windows, collimators, calibration factors, penetration/downscatter) to make patient-specific dosimetry realistic and reproducible for Tb-161 therapies. German participation is explicit through the Nuclear Medicine Clinic at the University Hospital Erlangen.^[9]
• PubMed PMID: 40866721. Bridging physics and practice: evaluating sensitivity, septal penetration, and detector dead-time in terbium-161 gamma-camera imaging. This work characterizes gamma-camera/SPECT performance for Tb-161 (including dead time and septal penetration) on a system used in the BETA PLUS clinical program (NCT05359146) to prevent “wrong-dose” dosimetry at high activity levels. German participation includes the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and ITM as listed affiliations.^[20]
• VIOLET Tb-161-PSMA-I&T. The international benchmark trial (not Germany, but heavily influences German protocols. VIOLET enrolled 30 patients and established 7.4 GBq as the recommended dose, with no dose-limiting toxicities. German centers often align “who to treat” with trial criteria (especially imaging rules and performance status).^[21][22]

Who is a candidate in Germany?

In Germany, Terbium-161 PSMA therapy remains an early-access investigational therapy. In practice, candidates are usually selected very similarly to Lu-177 PSMA, often with an extra emphasis on “unmet need”.

What Most German Providers Check

• Diagnosis. Confirmed advanced disease is most commonly metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).
• Proof of Target. A recent PSMA PET scan showed a clear PSMA-positive prostate cancer. Many trial-grade protocols also check for “mismatch” lesions (e.g., FDG-positive but PSMA-negative) because those tend to respond poorly.
• Prior Standard Therapies. Typical ADT + androgen receptor inhibitors, and usually taxane chemotherapy unless not suitable. In the German Tb-161 cohort, 94.4% had modern androgen-axis drugs and 83.3% had chemotherapy.^[14]
• Adequate Organ Reserve. Bone marrow, kidneys, and overall condition matter because the limiting factors are usually blood counts and renal function.

When German Teams Consider Terbium 161 PSMA

• Disease Progression. After progression or inadequate response to Lu-177 (Pluvicto). This was exactly the setting in the German dosimetry pilot.
• After Multi-Line Radionuclide Therapy. In the 18-patient cohort, 100% had previously received Lu-177 PSMA, and 27.8% had received prior radiopharmaceuticals.^[14]
• Suspected Microscopic or Diffuse Spread. Tb-161’s additional ultra-short-range emissions are one reason teams are exploring it for diseases that may be harder to sterilize with beta-only approaches.

Individual Healing Attempts

Germany has a practical “bridge” between research and routine care that allows access to Terbium 161 therapy for prostate cancer before EMA approval, but it is tightly regulated. This early access is possible through an individual treatment attempt under a compassionate-use hardship rationale when no satisfactory approved alternative is available.^[23][24]

In this route, the treating nuclear medicine physician assumes full responsibility for the indication, and the radioligand may be prepared for a named single patient under AMG §13(2b) and then administered with documented informed consent, as it is not a standard approved therapy.^[25][26]

In the published German Tb-161 PSMA experience, treatment was initiated on a case-by-case basis via a multidisciplinary tumor board and was explicitly performed under compassionate-use provisions in accordance with §13(2b).^[14]

Speak with a consultant

How to Get Terbium-161 Therapy in Germany

Receiving Tb-161 PSMA therapy in Germany typically involves a clear process: a remote pre-check, confirmation of strong PSMA positivity in your cancer, and then a treatment plan based on cycles, with lab tests and monitoring between infusions.

Most clinics will proceed only if they can document medical necessity and safety, as Tb-161 is still used through trials, registries, or individual-attempt routes.

Step 1: Evaluation Process

You send your key records for review (diagnosis, prior treatments, PSA trend, recent CT/MRI reports, and especially your latest PSMA PET/CT). The clinic checks that your lesions are clearly PSMA-avid and that your blood counts and kidney function are sufficient for radionuclide therapy. A tumor board decision is common, particularly if you previously had 177 Lu-PSMA or chemotherapy.

Step 2: Treatment Schedule

If accepted, the hospital in Germany plans Terbium 161 PSMA in cycles, typically every 6–8 weeks, with the number of cycles depending on response and tolerance. Scheduling also depends on radiopharmaceutical preparation and inpatient bed availability, since many German departments administer radioligand therapy under controlled radiation-protection workflows. In the German experience, patients received a median of 3 cycles (range 1–4), whereas international data suggests up to 6 cycles.^[4][14][21]

Step 3: Therapy Time

On the day of treatment, you will undergo vital signs checks, IV access, and, typically, hydration. The infusion is typically brief, followed by observation. Many centers conduct post-therapy imaging (or dosimetry) on the same day or the day after to document how the treatment is distributed in the body. The timing of your discharge will depend on local radiation safety regulations and your measured radiation levels.

Step 4: Between Cycles

You will have follow-up laboratory tests after Terbium 161 therapy, including blood counts, kidney markers, and liver values, as well as symptom check-ins to confirm recovery before starting the next treatment cycle. While PSA trends are monitored, clinics also pay attention to clinical symptoms and imaging patterns, especially in heterogeneous disease. If side effects of Terbium-161 therapy, such as fatigue, dry mouth, nausea, or drops in blood counts occur, German teams will adjust the timing, supportive medications, or the dosage strategy rather than proceeding with the next cycle on a fixed schedule.

Send request

Leading German Centers

Find out the list of German-based university hospitals and isotope research centers that can already offer Terbium 161 therapy to selected patients. Check the clinic’s profile and submit an inquiry to determine whether you are eligible for the treatment in your specific situation.

9.90

University Hospital Saarland Homburg

9.90

University Hospital Rechts der Isar Munich

9.90

University Hospital Heidelberg

9.90

University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden

9.90

Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch

9.80

University Hospital Erlangen

9.80

University Hospital Bonn

See more
clinics

Cost for Tb-161 Therapy in Germany

In Germany, the cost of Terbium-161 PSMA therapy is currently higher than the standard Lutetium-177 treatment due to its status as a next-generation "premium" isotope and its limited availability.

The price for a single cycle of Tb-161 PSMA in Germany typically ranges from €32,000 to €45,000. This typically includes not only the isotope & ligand themselves but also the inpatient stay (per radiation protection rules) and basic diagnostics.

Get personal cost

FAQ

References

1. Flegar, L., George Thoduka, S., Librizzi, D., Luster, M., Zacharis, A., Heers, H., et al. (2023, February 24). Adoption of Lutetium-177 PSMA radioligand therapy for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer: a total population analysis in Germany from 2016 to 2020. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 50, 2188–2195. doi:10.1007/s00259-023-06139-x. Retrieved February 2026.
2. Sartor, O., de Bono, J., Chi, K. N., Fizazi, K., Herrmann, K., Rahbar, K., et al. (2021, September 16). Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 385(12), 1091–1103. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107322. Retrieved February 2026.
3. Liang, S. H. (2025, October 30). From lutetium to terbium: a new era in PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy for mCRPC patients. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 15(5), 219–222. doi:10.62347/JAXA6254. Retrieved February 2026.
4. Schaefer-Schuler, A., Burgard, C., Blickle, A., Maus, S., Petrescu, C., Petto, S., Bartholomä, M., Stemler, T., Ezziddin, S., & Rosar, F. (2024, February 24). Tb-161-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in patients with mCRPC: preliminary dosimetry results and intra-individual head-to-head comparison to Lu-177-PSMA-617. Theranostics, 14(5), 1829–1840. doi:10.7150/thno.92273. Retrieved February 2026.
5. Müller, C., Umbricht, C. A., Gracheva, N., Tschan, V. J., Pellegrini, G., Bernhardt, P., Zeevaart, J. R., Köster, U., Schibli, R., & van der Meulen, N. P. (2019, May 27). Terbium-161 for PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy of prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 46(9), 1919–1930. doi:10.1007/s00259-019-04345-0. Retrieved February 2026.
6. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). (2015, June 22). Award-winning agent developed for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Retrieved February 2026.
7. Hennrich, U., & Eder, M. (2022, October 20). 177Lu-Lu-PSMA-617 (PluvictoTM): The First FDA-Approved Radiotherapeutical for Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals, 15(10), 1292. doi:10.3390/ph15101292. Retrieved February 2026.
8. European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Supply and shortages of radiopharmaceuticals. Retrieved February 2026.
9. BioM. Biotech Cluster Bavaria. Retrieved February 2026.
10. ITM Isotope Technologies Munich SE. ITM Radiopharma: Get in touch with us. Retrieved February 2026.
11. Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). (2023, May 16). Promising collaboration with ITM in the field of cancer therapy. Retrieved February 2026.
12. Aruna Korde, Marianne Patt, Svetlana V. Selivanova, Andrew M. Scott, Rolf Hesselmann, Oliver Kiss, et al. (2024, January 2). Position paper to facilitate patient access to radiopharmaceuticals: considerations for a suitable pharmaceutical regulatory framework. EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, 9, 2. doi:10.1186/s41181-023-00230-2. Retrieved February 2026.
13. Cristina Müller, Corinne A. Umbricht, Nataliya Gracheva, et al. (2019, May 27). Terbium-161 for PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy of prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 46, 1919–1930. doi:10.1007/s00259-019-04345-0. Retrieved February 2026.
14. Florian Rosar, Caroline Burgard, Christine Petrescu, Arne Blickle, Mark Bartholomä, Stephan Maus, Moritz B. Bastian, Tilman Speicher, Andrea Schaefer-Schuler, & Samer Ezziddin. (2025, August 16). Pilot experience of [161Tb]Tb-PSMA-617 RLT in mCRPC patients after conventional PSMA RLT within a prospective registry. Theranostics, 15(17), 9019–9028. doi:10.7150/thno.115831. Retrieved February 2026.
15. Müller, C., et al. (2011, August). The low-energy β− and electron emitter 161Tb as an alternative to 177Lu for targeted radionuclide therapy. Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 38(6), 917–924. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.02.007. Retrieved February 2026.
16. James P. Buteau, L. Kostos, R. Alipour, P. Jackson, L. McInstosh, B. Emmerson, et al. (2024, August 1). Clinical Trial Protocol for VIOLET: A Single-Center, Phase I/II Trial Evaluation of Radioligand Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with [161Tb]Tb-PSMA-I&T. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 65(8), 1231–1238. doi:10.2967/jnumed.124.267650. Retrieved February 2026.
17. Lulu Xiao, Zhijun Zhao, Rui Luo, Fang Liu, Bo Hu, Peihao Zhao, Xiaodong Yang, & Zhiqiang Chen. (2026, January 14). 161Tb-PSMA radioligand therapy in prostate cancer: current evidence and future perspectives. Frontiers in Oncology, 15, 1743628. doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1743628. Retrieved February 2026.
18. ClinicalTrials.gov. Prospective REgistry of Targeted RadionucLide TherapY in Patients With mCRPC (REALITY Study). Retrieved February 2026.
19. Frida Westerbergh, Nicholas P. van der Meulen, Cristina Müller, Andreas Grings, Philipp Ritt, et al. (2025, October 13). Quantitative terbium-161 SPECT/CT imaging: demonstrating the feasibility of image-based dosimetry and highlighting pitfalls. EJNMMI Research, 15, 130. doi:10.1186/s13550-025-01326-3. Retrieved February 2026.
20. Westerbergh, F., McDougall, L., Ritt, P., Fricke, J. G., van der Meulen, N. P., Müller, C., et al. (2025, August 28). Bridging physics and practice: evaluating sensitivity, septal penetration, and detector dead time in terbium-161 gamma-camera imaging. EJNMMI Physics, 12, 81. doi:10.1186/s40658-025-00792-x. Retrieved February 2026.
21. ClinicalTrials.gov. EValuation of radIOLigand Treatment in mEn With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer With [161Tb]Tb-PSMA-I&T (VIOLET). Retrieved February 2026.
22. Buteau, J. P., Kostos, L., Jackson, P. A., Xie, J., Haskali, M. B., Alipour, R., et al. (2025, July 3). First-in-human results of terbium-161 [161Tb]Tb-PSMA-I&T dual beta–Auger radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (VIOLET): a single-centre, single-arm, phase 1/2 study. The Lancet Oncology, 26(8), 1009–1017. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00332-8. Retrieved February 2026.
23. BfArM – Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. "Compassionate Use" Programmes. Retrieved February 2026.
24. Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste. (2023, December 19). Individuelle Heilversuche. Sachstand WD 9 - 3000 - 083/23. Retrieved February 2026.
25. Moya, E., Cerrato, C., Bedoya, L. M., et al. (2024, September 5). Radiopharmaceutical small-scale preparation in Europe: will we be able to harmonize the situation?. EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, 9, 64. doi:10.1186/s41181-024-00281-z. Retrieved February 2026.
26. Bundesministerium der Justiz & juris GmbH. Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Arzneimitteln (Arzneimittelgesetz - AMG) § 13 Herstellungserlaubnis. Gesetze im Internet. Retrieved February 2026.