Lutetium-177 PSMA & DOTATATE Cancer Therapy Guide

Cancer treatment has come a long way from traditional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.^[1] Today, doctors can fight tumors with unprecedented precision, using therapies that deliver radioactive medicine directly to cancer cells — sparing most of the healthy tissue.

One of the most promising approaches is Lutetium-177 therapy, a form of targeted radionuclide therapy that’s changing outcomes for many patients with advanced or difficult-to-treat tumors. Two main radioligand therapies use Lu-177: PSMA-targeted (Pluvicto) for prostate cancer and DOTATATE-based (Lutathera) for neuroendocrine tumors.^[5][6]

In this article, we’ll explore how these Lutetium therapies work and related aspects. Here’s everything you need to know about this remarkable leap forward in precision oncology.

What is Lutetium-177 Therapy?

Lutetium-177 therapy is a type of targeted radioligand (radiopharmaceutical) treatment used for certain advanced cancers. In simple terms, it’s a medicine that carries a small amount of radiation and is designed to home in on specific tumor features.^[2] Therefore, doctors can treat cancer with greater precision while limiting exposure to the rest of the body.^[3]

Treatment Variants

Today, two lutetium-177 treatments (forms) are established in routine care because different cancers display different “flags” on their cells. Lu-177 is the same radioactive payload, but it's paired with two different homing molecules: one that binds to PSMA on prostate cancer cells and another that binds to somatostatin receptors on neuroendocrine tumors.^[4] Each version targets the cancer it’s designed for.

Lutetium 177 PSMA for Prostate Cancer

Lutetium 177 PSMA (commercial medication name is Pluvicto®) pairs Lu-177 with a small molecule (PSMA-617 / vipivotide tetraxetan) that binds PSMA, a protein commonly found at high levels on malignant prostate cancer. That’s why this form is used in PSMA-positive metastatic prostate cancer.^[5]

Detailed medical information about Lu-177 PSMA treatment used explicitly in prostate cancer can be found here.

Lu 177 DOTATATE for Neuroendocrine Tumors

Lutetium 177 DOTATATE (has a commercial brand name Lutathera®) pairs Lu-177 with a peptide (DOTATATE) that binds somatostatin receptors (especially SSTR2), which are frequently over-expressed on SSTR-positive neuroendocrine tumors.^[6]

Covering Principles

Both treatments use Lu-177 to deliver radiation, but are guided to different parts. In real life, patients and families often hear about both options, sometimes even in the same case if a prostate cancer shows neuroendocrine features, so seeing them side-by-side makes it easy to compare and understand.^[7]

There’s no real difference in what the treatment does once it reaches the tumor. It delivers the same Lu-177 beta radiation to damage cancer cells. The only distinction is how they’re guided to the tumor; once there, the killing action, so-called “damage”, is practically the same.

These therapies sit within the broader field of radioligand therapy, in which a radioactive isotope is paired with a targeting molecule to treat cancer. Multiple professional and research organizations now recognize radioligand therapy as an influential and growing pillar of oncology.^[8]

Get consultation

How does Lu-177 Therapy Work?

Lu-177 treatment is akin to sending a tiny, targeted package to cancer cells. The medicine carries a small dose of radiation plus a ‘homing’ tag that sticks to specific markers on certain tumors (PSMA on many prostate cancers or somatostatin receptors on neuroendocrine tumors).^[9] After injection, it latches onto the malignancy and is pulled inside, allowing the radiation to be focused precisely where it’s needed most.

Radiation for Precision Therapy

Lu-177 gives off tiny bursts of energy (beta particles) that travel only about 1–2 millimeters. That’s far enough to hit the tumor (and a few nearby cancer cells) but short enough to spare most healthy tissue.^[10] That is the primary reason it works well for precise medicine, also known as targeted treatment.

Short-Range ‘Cross-Fire’ Effect

Since beta particles don’t travel far, they can still reach a few neighboring cancer cells—even ones with less of the target. This ‘bystander effect’ means the treatment can damage more of the tumor area than just the cells the medicine initially targets.^[11]

Duration of Lu-177 Exposure

It’s worth mentioning that after injection, Lu-177’s radiation level drops by approximately half every week (half-life of ~6.6 days). Most of the dose is delivered within the first 2–3 weeks, with only a small amount remaining after approximately a month.^[12]

How much you’re exposed also depends on how fast your body clears the drug—the ‘effective half-life’ combines decay plus your body’s clearance. This is directly tied to the total radiation dose, the number of sessions, the rate at which the drug is cleared from your body, and the potential side effects that may occur. We’ll unpack each of these below.

Send request

Lutetium Approval & Clinical Setting

Lu-177 therapies are no longer “experimental add-ons,” they’re established treatments with clear dosing plans and safety guardrails. Before we dive into today’s options, let's take a quick look back at how we got here.

The first clinical experiences with Lu-177–PSMA-617 came from Heidelberg, Germany, where teams reported striking responses in heavily pretreated patients.^[13][14] While PRRT’s modern chapter really began in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. At Erasmus MC, clinicians began treating neuroendocrine tumor patients with Lu-177–DOTATATE in the early 2000s.^[15]

Lu-177 Therapy Regulations

Totally fair question: “If lutetium 177 therapy is authorized, and who says so?" In many places, yes, and it is built on a solid regulatory backbone.

Europe & UK

Once the EMA signs off, a therapy can be marketed across Europe. Lutathera has been authorized in the EU since September 26, 2017, and Pluvicto since December 9, 2022.^[16] Each country then sorts its own internal rules. Explore detailed information about Lu-177 PSMA in Europe, including its specific application in Germany.

Across the UK, national guidance was released via NICE TA930 in November 2023, so NHS access follows the latest funding arrangements.^[17]

United States & Canada

In the USA, the FDA approved Lutathera in 2018 and Pluvicto in 2022.^[18][19] Lately, the country expanded Pluvicto’s use on March 28, 2025, to reach some patients earlier (after ARPI, when delaying taxane chemo is appropriate).^[20]

Canada lists both medicines as marketed in its Drug Product Database (Lutathera DIN 02484552; Pluvicto DIN 02530198), and provinces are continuing to roll out treatment and funding pathways.^[21][22]

Another Regions

Beyond these regions, Australia’s TGA added Pluvicto to the national register on July 17, 2024, and publishes product information online, allowing clinicians and patients to see exactly how it’s used.^[23]

In addition, Israel has also approved Lutathera, as noted in peer-reviewed overviews of the global rollout.^[24] Many other countries are onboarding radioligand therapy through coordinated programs and regulatory collaborations, thereby steadily expanding availability across Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America.

What to Expect During Lu-177 Treatment Day

The therapy is a day-clinic IV infusions run by a trained nuclear-medicine team. For Lu-177 PSMA, most visits are streamlined: you check in, get the infusion, and stay for a short observation period. Many medical centers then bring you back for a quick post-treatment scan, approximately 24–48 hours later, to assess the dose distribution and, when necessary, to support practical dosimetry.^[25] Lu-177 DOTATATE days run several hours longer because you receive an amino-acid infusion alongside treatment to protect the kidneys, plus anti-nausea meds.^[26]

Some nuclear medicine clinics still offer short-term hospitalization during Lu-177 offerings. It might be related to local radiation safety regulations and practical considerations. That is not mandatory and depends on the particular clinic regulations and the doctor’s experience.

Lu177 Therapy Schedule

If you’re curious about the nuts and bolts, the official labels spell out the standard schedules:

• Pluvicto 7.4 GBq every 6 weeks, up to 6 doses;
• Lutathera 7.4 GBq, administered every 8 weeks as four doses.

It should be considered the “default” agenda, but clinicians can delay, hold, or reduce doses based on laboratory results, side effects, or logistical considerations. For example, the current Pluvicto label allows treatment to pause for toxicity and resume at the same or a reduced dose.^[12] The overall treatment schedule may vary slightly depending on the country and the particular medical centre.

Heading Home: Recovery & Follow-up

Most patients go home the same day with a brief checklist: hydrate well and follow simple radiation safety tips (for a short period, be mindful of close contact, especially with small children and pregnant individuals).^[27] You’ll also have scheduled blood tests and scans to monitor both response and safety.

Request a second opinion

When is Lutetium 177 Used?

As usual, patients meet lutetium-177 therapy late in the journey, when the cancer is advanced or metastatic, and conventional treatments have been tried and are no longer holding the line. Think of it as a next, targeted step rather than a first move.

In practice, that means lutetium-177 is considered for people with widespread, inoperable, or progressive disease—the moments when precision, symptom relief, and another way to slow progression or achieve possible remission are needed.

Who Is a Candidate for Lu-177 Therapy?

This is truly target-guided therapy, so step one is proving your tumor shows the “lock” that the medicine is designed to fit. For Lu-177 PSMA, that means a PSMA-positive PET scan (e.g., Ga-68 gozetotide/Locametz) before treatment; clinics also check overall fitness and organ function.^[28]

For PRRT, doctors look for somatostatin-receptor–positive disease on SSTR-PET scans, along with routine blood counts and kidney/liver function tests to ensure the treatment remains safe.^[29]

PSMA-Positive Prostate Cancer

When advanced prostate cancer lights up on a PSMA PET-CT, it’s the tumor saying, “I have the PSMA lock.” That's the clue for lutetium-177 PSMA therapy, which targets deposits in bone and soft tissues. Most of the evidence and practical usage for lutetium-177 PSMA therapy comes from males with typical prostate adenocarcinoma.

Lu177 is usually used after standard drugs have been tried. In the extensive VISION study, men had metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). They had already received at least one hormonal treatment and chemotherapy before getting lutetium-177 PSMA added to their usual care.^[9][30] Read a complete and detailed list of Lu-177 PSMA treatment indications for prostate cancer here.

However, it’s not a hard rule that 177Lu-PSMA must come only after all standard treatment lines. Certain cases exist when patients can start earlier, such as:

• If chemo isn’t a good fit: Expert society guidance notes 177Lu-PSMA can be reasonable for some patients who can’t tolerate Docetaxel chemotherapy or have specific contraindications.^[31]
• Before chemo in mCRPC: In the PSMAfore study, men with mCRPC after hormone therapy went longer without scan-proven progression when they received 177Lu-PSMA-617 rather than switching to another hormonal pill.^[32]
• At first metastatic presentation: In PSMA-positive, newly metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, adding Pluvicto to usual hormone therapy helped patients go longer before the cancer worsened, according to Novartis.^[33]

Treatment fit is personal. Always ask your team if it’s right for you—because biology, scans, past treatments, and health factors all matter. Guidelines evolve and new studies keep landing, and experts may reasonably disagree (nuclear medicine, urology, oncology).^[34] Bring their views together and, with your clinicians, decide what makes the most sense now.

Neuroendocrine Tumors Visible on SSTR PET Scan

The same rule applies to neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): treatment depends on a positive scan. The difference is the imaging—doctors use SSTR PET-CT (e.g., DOTATATE PET/CT) to confirm somatostatin receptor expression.^[29]

The most substantial evidence comes from well-differentiated NETs originating from the stomach, intestine, and pancreas.^[35] Usually, PRRT is offered after standard care, especially when the tumor has progressed on somatostatin analogs (SSAs) or other systemic options. We explore this in the pivotal NETTER-1 study, which demonstrated that Lu-177 DOTATATE maintained tumor control for longer periods than SSA alone in patients with progressive disease.^[6]

In real life, clinical teams may consider it earlier when: surgery isn’t an option (widespread or inoperable disease); progressive and uncontrolled symptoms; conventional drugs have side effects or contraindications.^[36]

When Else Does Lu-177 Make Sense?

Some tumors not previously mentioned can also be treated when the proper scan lights up. Suppose a meningioma shows somatostatin receptors (it often does). In such cases, doctors at expert centers may use Lu-177 DOTATATE when surgery or radiation aren’t viable options, and recent multi-society guidance confirms this approach.^[37]

In cases of pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, renal cell carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and salivary gland cancers, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma, if the disease is SSTR-avid on imaging, recent studies suggest that Lu-177 may help slow tumor disease progression, especially when other treatments aren’t a fit.^[38][39][40]

Tell us about your case

Side Effects of Lu-177 PSMA & DOTATATE Therapy

Most people do fine with Lu-177 treatment, but like any cancer therapy, there are side effects to watch for. As a rule, arising symptoms are manageable with nausea meds, good hydration, and routine blood checks. Along with the mentioned adverse effect, we outlined the approximate change of getting it.

More Common

Short-term symptoms include feeling tired in ~45–50% of cases, some nausea in ~60% of cases, especially on PRRT days, and occasionally vomiting in ~45–50% of cases. These are usually manageable with medications and slowing the infusion.^[41][42][43]

Blood counts can dip. After Lutetium therapy, it’s normal to see a lower white blood cell count ~90%, hemoglobin ~32%, and red blood cell count ~10% for a while, so teams check labs regularly. In the big trials, low counts, especially lymphopenia, were among the most frequent lab changes.^[6][44][26]

Dry mouth, affecting ~38–40% of patients, is primarily a PSMA-therapy issue, as the tracer accumulates in the salivary glands. It can be mild to annoying, and sometimes lingers between cycles.^[45][42]

Tummy symptoms like diarrhea or abdominal discomfort ~35–40% can happen with Lu-177 DOTATATE, and constipation and decreased appetite ~20% are also seen with Lu 177 PSMA therapy.^[6][42]

Less Frequent

Kidneys and liver are watched, but serious damage, ~3-20% is uncommon when PRRT is given with the protective infusion. The medical team monitors creatinine and liver enzymes as a precaution.^[46][26]

More serious cytopenias. Some people experience grade 3–4 anemia ~13%, low platelets ~7.9% or a low white blood cell count ~7.8%; this is less typical but is monitored closely.^[48][42]

Very Rare

Long-term marrow effects or sporadic second cancers occur at a rate of ~0.5-2.7%. Reported infrequently, doctors will follow blood counts over time.^[49][50]

Fertility caution. PRRT can lead to infertility; discuss family planning before starting.^[26]

Hormone “crisis” in NETs <1%. A rare, sudden surge of tumor-made hormones is often triggered by treatment, anesthesia, or stress. It can cause intense flushing, severe diarrhea, fast heartbeat, and big blood-pressure swings (sometimes wheezing).^[51][52]

Ask our expert

Production & Availability

Lu-177 therapies exist thanks to a reactor-made isotope, precise chemistry, and a fast logistics chain. Supply is much stronger than a few years ago, and capacity keeps growing—but the just-in-time nature of these drugs means your care team’s planning is key.

Where does it come from?

Companies like ITM produce the active substance—non-carrier-added lutetium-177 chloride (brand name EndolucinBeta®)—that radiopharmacies and manufacturers use to create finished drugs such as Lutathera and Pluvicto. Lutetium-177 is produced in a nuclear reactor and has a short, limited half-life; therefore, it should be delivered and administered on time.^[53]

The radioactive element Lutetium is chemically bound to a targeting molecule, either DOTATATE or PSMA. These are manufactured at specialized plants and shipped to hospitals as ready-to-use, patient-specific doses on a tight schedule, because the isotope is constantly decaying.

What this means for patients

Because production is centralized and time-critical, any hiccup at a plant can ripple to clinics. In 2022, Novartis temporarily paused production at two sites, which impacted its supply; by late 2023, the company stated that supply was again unconstrained. Since then, Novartis has expanded its radioligand network, adding capacity in the US and elsewhere, with public targets of hundreds of thousands of doses per year.^[54]

Access is improving as more treatment centers come online and manufacturing scales up, but scheduling still matters (the dose is made for you and shipped just-in-time). Big players continue to invest in new facilities—and even in-house isotope production—to keep pace with growing demand. Ask your center about local wait times and how they coordinate deliveries.^[55]

Find care

Global Experience Scorecard by Countries

Here, we examine the widespread use of Lutetium-177 therapy and the level of experience across different countries. We compare locations using three main markers: published studies, the number of patients treated, and the availability of treatment centers. Countries are listed from the most experienced at the top to the least experienced at the bottom.

Country	Quantity of cases	Active centers	Studies
Germany	Very High	High	30-40
United States	High	High	40+
Netherlands	Medium-High	Medium	10-20
United Kingdom	Medium-High	Medium-High	10-20
Italy	Medium-High	Medium	10-20
Australia	Medium-High	Medium	10-20
Belgium	Medium	Medium	5–10
France	Medium	Medium	5–10
Canada	Medium-Low	Medium	5-10
Poland	Medium	Medium	5–10
India	Medium	Medium	5–10
Spain	Medium	Medium	5–10
Switzerland	Low-Medium	Low-Medium	<5-5
South Africa	Low-Medium	Low-Medium	<5
Sweden	Low	Low-Medium	<5

This table turns a complex global picture into simple, usable info. It helps you identify where access is strongest and how much real-world experience exists, allowing you to plan care more effectively and achieve better outcomes.

Get treatment

Lu177 Therapy Cost by Locations

These figures represent broad averages for both Lu-177 PSMA and Lu-177 DOTATATE treatments performed privately. Treat the table as guidance, not a quote—ask the chosen clinic for an all-in estimate tailored to your plan.

Location	Typical cycles	Cost per dose
United States	Up to 6	45,000-65,000 $
Europe	4–6	16,000-60,000 €
United Kingdom	Up to 6	25,000 £
Canada	Up to 6	40,000 $
India	3–6	12,000-17,000 $

Your cost can vary widely depending on the cancer’s details, the dose you need, the total number of cycles your team plans, and the clinic’s fees for doctors, infusion, imaging, and laboratory services.

Request an expert consultation

FAQ

References

1. American Cancer Society. (2025, October 22). A Brief History of Cancer. Retrieved October 2025.
2. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). (2025, May 9). Radioligand Therapy (RLT). Retrieved October 2025.
3. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. (2025, September). 5 Things to Know About Radioligand Therapy. Retrieved October 2025.
4. National Cancer Institute. Targeted radionuclide therapy. Retrieved November 2025.
5. Golan, H., Tursunov, K. K., & Volkov, O. (2024, June). Systematic Review of the First 40 Cases of 177Lu-PSMA Therapy in the Treatment of Non-prostatic Cancer. Anticancer Research, 44(6), 2297–2305. Retrieved October 2025.
6. Strosberg, J., El-Haddad, G., Wolin, E., Hendifar, A., Yao, J., Chasen, B., … NETTER-1 Trial Investigators. (2017, January 12). Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607427. Retrieved October 2025.
7. Savelli, G., Muni, A., Falchi, R., Zaniboni, A., Barbieri, R., Valmadre, G., Minari, C., Casi, C., & Rossini, P. Somatostatin receptors over-expression in castration resistant prostate cancer detected by PET/CT: preliminary report of in six patients. Annals of Translational Medicine. Retrieved October 2025.
8. National Cancer Institute. (2020, October 26). Radiopharmaceuticals Emerging as New Cancer Therapy. Cancer Currents Blog. Retrieved October 2025.
9. Sartor, O., de Bono, J., Chi, K. N., Fizazi, K., Herrmann, K., Rahbar, K., et al. (2021, June 23). Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(12), 1091–1103. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107322. Retrieved October 2025.
10. Ramonaheng, K., Qebetu, M., Ndlovu, H., Swanepoel, C., Smith, L., Mdanda, S., Mdlophane, A., & Sathekge, M. (2024, March 28). Activity quantification and dosimetry in radiopharmaceutical therapy with reference to 177Lutetium. Frontiers in Nuclear Medicine, 4, 1355912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnume.2024.1355912. Retrieved November 2025.
11. Sgouros, G., Knox, S. J., Joiner, M. C., Morgan, W. F., & Kassis, A. I. (2007, October). MIRD Continuing Education: Bystander and Low–Dose-Rate Effects: Are These Relevant to Radionuclide Therapy?. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 48(10), 1683–1691. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.105.028183. Retrieved October 2025.
12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2025, March). PLUVICTO (lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan) injection, for intravenous use — Highlights of Prescribing Information. Retrieved October 2025.
13. Kratochwil, C., Giesel, F. L., Stefanova, M., Benesova, M., Bronzel, M., Afshar-Oromieh, A., Mier, W., Kopka, K., & Haberkorn, U. (2016, August). PSMA-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with 177Lu-Labeled PSMA-617. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 57(8), 1170–1176. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.171397. Retrieved October 2025.
14. Hennrich, U., & Eder, M. (2022, October 20). 177Lu177Lu177LuLu-PSMA-617 (PluvictoTM): The first FDA-approved radiotherapeutical for treatment of prostate cancer. Pharmaceuticals, 15(10), 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15101292. Retrieved October 2025.
15. Brabander, T., van der Zwan, W. A., Teunissen, J. J. M., Kam, B. L. R., Feelders, R. A., de Herder, W. W., & Kwekkeboom, D. J. (2017, August 15). Long-Term Efficacy, Survival, and Safety of [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]Octreotate in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clinical Cancer Research, 23(16), 4617–4624. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2743. Retrieved October 2025.
16. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Lutathera. Retrieved October 2025.
17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2023, November 15). Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan for treating PSMA-positive hormone-relapsed metastatic prostate cancer after 2 or more treatments (TA930). Retrieved October 2025.
18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, January 26). FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for treatment of GEP-NETs. Retrieved October 2025.
19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2022, March 23). NDA/BLA Multi-disciplinary Review and Evaluation (NDA 215833): Pluvicto (lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan) — Multi-Discipline Review. Retrieved October 2025.
20. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2025, March 28). FDA expands Pluvicto’s metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer indication. Retrieved October 2025.
21. Health Canada. (2024, September 2). Details for: PLUVICTO — Drug and Health Products Portal. Retrieved November 2025.
22. Health Canada. (2024, February 28). Details for: LUTATHERA — Drug and Health Products Portal. Retrieved November 2025.
23. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). PLUVICTO lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan 1000 MBq/mL solution for injection vial (410282). Retrieved October 2025.
24. Urso, L., Nieri, A., Uccelli, L., Castello, A., Artioli, P., Cittanti, C., Marzola, M. C., Florimonte, L., Castellani, M., Bissoli, S., Porto, F., Boschi, A., Evangelista, L., & Bartolomei, M. (2023, March 31). Lutathera® Orphans: State of the Art and Future Application of Radioligand Therapy with 177Lu-DOTATATE. Pharmaceutics, 15(4), 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041110. Retrieved November 2025.
25. Song, H., Leonio, M. I., Ferri, V., Duan, H., Mari Aparici, C., Davidzon, G., Franc, B. L., Moradi, F., Shah, J., Bergstrom, C. P., Fan, A. C., Shah, S., Khaki, A. R., Srinivas, S., & Iagaru, A. (2024, April 18). Same-day post-therapy imaging with a new generation whole-body digital SPECT/CT in assessing treatment response to [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 51, 2784–2793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-024-06718-6. Retrieved October 2025.
26. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2024, November). LUTATHERA (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) injection, for intravenous use — Highlights of Prescribing Information. Retrieved October 2025.
27. Herrmann, K., Giovanella, L., Santos, A., Gear, J., Kiratli, P. O., Kurth, J., Denis-Bacelar, A. M., Hustinx, R., Patt, M., Wahl, R. L., Paez, D., Giammarile, F., Jadvar, H., Pandit-Taskar, N., Ghesani, M., & Kunikowska, J. (2022, December 1). Joint EANM, SNMMI, and IAEA Enabling Guide: How to Set up a Theranostics Center. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 63(12), 1836–1843. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.122.264321. Retrieved November 2025.
28. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022, March 23). FDA approves Pluvicto for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Retrieved November 2025.
29. Hope, T. A., Allen-Auerbach, M., Bodei, L., Calais, J., Dahlbom, M., Dunnwald, L. K., Graham, M. M., Jacene, H. A., Lawhn Heath, C., Mittra, E. S., Wright, C. L., Fendler, W. P., Herrmann, K., Taïeb, D., & Kjaer, A. (2023, February 1). SNMMI Procedure Standard/EANM Practice Guideline for SSTR PET: Imaging Neuroendocrine Tumors. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 64(2), 204–210. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.122.264860. Retrieved October 2025.
30. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of 177Lu-PSMA-617 In Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (NCT03511664). Retrieved October 2025.
31. Kratochwil, C., Fendler, W. P., Eiber, M., Hofman, M. S., Emmett, L., Calais, J., Osborne, J. R., Iravani, A., Koo, P., Lindenberg, L., Baum, R. P., Bozkurt, M. F., Delgado Bolton, R. C., Ezziddin, S., Forrer, F., Hicks, R. J., Hope, T. A., Kabasakal, L., Konijnenberg, M., … Herrmann, K. (2023, May 29). Joint EANM/SNMMI procedure guideline for the use of 177Lu-labeled PSMA-targeted radioligand-therapy (177Lu-PSMA-RLT). European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 50, 2830–2845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-023-06255-8. Retrieved October 2025.
32. Morris, M. J., de Bono, J. S., Chi, K. N., Buonerba, C., Oudard, S., Mateo, J., Armstrong, A. J., Shore, N. D., Fizazi, K., Eiber, M., Herrmann, K., Yu, M. K., Penuelas, I., Sartor, O., Kopyltsov, E., Pezaro, C., et al. (2024, September 28). 177Lu-PSMA-617 versus a change of androgen receptor pathway inhibitor therapy for taxane-naive patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PSMAfore): a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet, 404(10459), 1227–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01653-2. Retrieved October 2025.
33. Novartis. (2025, October 19). PSMAddition data show Novartis Pluvicto™ delays progression to end-stage prostate cancer. Retrieved October 2025.
34. National Cancer Institute. (2025, May 14). Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. Retrieved November 2025.
35. Hope, T. A., Pavel, M., & Bergsland, E. K. (2022, August 20). Neuroendocrine Tumors and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy: When Is the Right Time?. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(24), 2818–2829. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00176. Retrieved October 2025.
36. Hope, T. A., et al. (2020, February 1). NANETS/SNMMI Consensus Statement on Patient Selection and Appropriate Use of 177Lu-DOTATATE Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 61(2), 222–227. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.240911. Retrieved October 2025.
37. Albert, N. L., Preusser, M., Traub-Weidinger, T., Tolboom, N., Law, I., Palmer, J. D., Guedj, E., Furtner, J., Fraioli, F., Huang, R. Y., Johnson, D. R., Deroose, C. M., Herrmann, K., Vogelbaum, M., Chang, S., Tonn, J.-C., Weller, M., Wen, P. Y., van den Bent, M. J., Verger, A., Ivanidze, J., & Galldiks, N. (2024, June 20). Joint EANM/EANO/RANO/SNMMI practice guideline/procedure standards for diagnostics and therapy (theranostics) of meningiomas using radiolabeled somatostatin receptor ligands: version 1.0. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 51(12), 3662–3679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-024-06783-x. Retrieved October 2025.
38. Su, D., Yang, H., Qiu, C., & Chen, Y. (2023, July 6). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in advanced Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 13, 1141648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1141648. Retrieved October 2025.
39. Parghane, R. V., Naik, C., Talole, S., Desmukh, A., Chaukar, D., Banerjee, S., & Basu, S. (2020, March). Clinical utility of 177Lu-DOTATATE PRRT in somatostatin receptor-positive metastatic medullary carcinoma of thyroid patients with assessment of efficacy, survival analysis, prognostic variables, and toxicity. Head & Neck, 42(3), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26024. Retrieved October 2025.
40. Trautwein, N. F., Brendlin, A., Reischl, G., Mattke, M., Paulsen, F., Loewenheim, H., Zender, L., la Fougère, C., & Dittmann, H. (2024, November 15). PSMA-Guided Imaging and Therapy of Advanced Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas and Other Salivary Gland Carcinomas. Cancers, 16(22), 3843. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16223843. Retrieved October 2025.
41. Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI). What is Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT)?. Retrieved October 2025.
42. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Pluvicto — EPAR product information (SmPC, Annexes I–III). Retrieved October 2025.
43. The ASCO Post. (2017, June 25). Lu-177 Dotatate Improves Progression-Free Survival in Advanced Progressive Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors. Retrieved October 2025.
44. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. (2025, August). 2L: NETTER-1 Safety | LUTATHERA (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) | HCP. Retrieved October 2025.
45. Novartis. PLUVICTO side effects. Retrieved October 2025.
46. Novartis. Understanding side effects | LUTATHERA (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate). Retrieved October 2025.
47. The ASCO Post. (2021, June). VISION Trial: Lu-177–PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy Prolongs Survival in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Retrieved October 2025.
48. The ASCO Post. (2021, June). VISION Trial: Lu-177–PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy Prolongs Survival in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Retrieved October 2025.
49. Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI). (2022). Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) — Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 2025.
50. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, January). LUTATHERA (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) injection, for intravenous use — Highlights of Prescribing Information (Original approval label, NDA 208700). Retrieved October 2025.
51. North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS). (2020). NANETS 2020 Guidelines Compendium. Retrieved October 2025.
52. Li, M., Chan, D. L., Tapia Rico, G., Cehic, G., Lawrence, B., Wyld, D., Pattison, D. A., Kong, G., Hicks, R., Michael, M., Kiberu, A. D., Lim, J., Clifton-Bligh, R., Tsang, V., Roach, P. J., Leyden, J., Diakos, C. I., Price, T. J., & Pavlakis, N. (2023, March 7). Australasian Consensus Statement on the Identification, Prevention, and Management of Hormonal Crises in Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Undergoing Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy. Neuroendocrinology, 113(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1159/000526848. Retrieved October 2025.
53. ITM Isotope Technologies Munich SE. EndolucinBeta — 40 GBq/mL radiopharmaceutical precursor (n.c.a. 177Lu chloride). Retrieved October 2025.
54. Novartis. (2022, May 5). Novartis provides update on production of radioligand therapy medicines. Retrieved October 2025.
55. Novartis. Know Radioligand Therapy (KnowRLT). Retrieved October 2025.